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Correlation versus causation: how economists separate fact from coincidence

UNDERSTANDING ECONOMIC DATA

Confidence indicators

Measures of consumer and business confidence are often used by economists, businesses and policymakers as indicators of the current and future economic climate. Steve Stoddard explores how confidence indicators are constructed and used

Happy and unhappy faces.
© Zhanna/stock.adobe.com

The confidence of consumers is an important determinant of economic activity because consumer spending is the largest component of aggregate demand (AD), where:

AD = Consumer spending (C) + Investment (I) + Government spending (G) + Exports (X) – Imports (M)

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Previous

Price control

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Correlation versus causation: how economists separate fact from coincidence

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