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When plants attack

Plants play a vital role in our lives and that of the planet, but how do they avoid being eaten by herbivores when they appear pretty much helpless?

A close up of a cactus.
Spines protect cacti from herbivores and prevent water loss
© squeebcreative/stock.adobe.com

This article links to the following topics in the AQA, Edexcel, OCR, WJEC, CCEA, SQA and IB Diploma exam specifications:

■ carboxylic acids and esters

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