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Describing and explaining genetic variation

Genetic variation features frequently in GCE and Scottish Higher Biology specifications. Former examiner Martin Rowland looks at some of the ways examiners can test recall and understanding of this topic

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Students in England, Northern Ireland and Wales study the structure of DNA and the causes of genetic variation in their AS/first year A-level biology courses. Students in Scotland study these topics during the ‘DNA and the genome’ section of their Scottish Higher Biology specification.

These topics are fundamental to the study of biology, and an examination question relating to them is likely to feature every year or two. Most students can recall the specific terminology associated with these topics. However, a surprising number of examination scripts demonstrate poor understanding of the causes of genetic variation.

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Unruly plants

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The neuroscience of obsessive–compulsive disorder